Announcement

Letters from the basement and the Interesting science this week series have a new home at my new Wordpress blog, information factory. All the previous blogposts on Letters from the basement will still be here. 

The latest post in the interesting science this week series is up and you can find it here.

Thank you for your support and patience with my erratic posting schedule.

I hope information factory will have your support the way Letters from the basement had and I promise to make it worth your time. 

Interesting Science This Week. Week 7

In our modern liberal society, a great deal of effort has gone into eliminating the differences in how women are treated from men. In nature, however, male and female sexes have well defined roles in ensuring that perpetuation and evolution of life is not interrupted. Recently published research has indicated that the distinct biological roles of the two sexes also contributes to determining the lethality of infections by bacteria and viruses. It was well known that many bacterial and viral infections tend to be deadlier in men than in women. Men who are infected by TB causing bacteria, for example, are 1.5 times more likely to die due to infection than women. Similarly, many cancers are more likely to lead to death in men than in women. This difference in susceptibility to pathogenic infections among men and women was hypothesized to be due to the different sex hormones. However, in a recent paper published in the journal Nature Communications, researchers from Royal Holloway University of London have reported the results of their work that shows that the observed difference in lethality of bacterial or viral infections could be because it might be evolutionarily advantageous for the pathogen to keep the infected women alive. This, the researchers argue, is because women can transmit the pathogen to a wider population of hosts through pregnancy and nursing. To support their hypothesis, the scientists have examined the case of Human T-cell Lymphotorpic Virus Type-1 (HTLV-1) that causes Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL), a type of blood cancer and is highly prevalent among Japanese and Caribbean populations. While the infection by HTLV-1 virus is equally lethal in both men and women in the Caribbean population, it is more lethal among Japanese men than women. The scientists have explained that this difference is because the Japanese women breastfeed for longer duration than Caribbean women. This incentivizes the virus to evolve such that they are less virulent in the body of Japanese women since that will help them survive longer. How the pathogen identifies the sex of its host is an interesting puzzle that needs to be unravelled through further research.   

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Bats are probably one of the most vilified animals in our popular culture, along with Owls. Every horror or thriller movie has atleast one scene starring these flying mammals. Usually these scenes feature a large number of bats rushing out of a cave or some such desolate space accompanied by a lot of noise just as one of the characters is trying to enter. A group of researchers from Israel have now come out with a study where they have tried to understand if there is any meaning and purpose to these sounds that the bats make.  The results of this study have recently been published in the journal Scientific reports. To conduct this study, the scientists collected a group of Egyptian fruit bats in a room and continuously recorded their sounds and actions for 75 days. They then used a computer program to analyze thousands of sounds and correlated them to actions from the video recordings. From these analyses, the researchers identified that most of the sounds that the bats made were not random but had a specific context in the everyday life of the animals. Not only did these sounds have a purpose, they were also directed at a specific member of the group. The bat sounds also had different intonations depending on the sex of the recipient of the sound. Most interestingly, the scientists discovered that more than 70% of the sounds that they analyzed could be attributed to just 4 different behavioural contexts - quarelling over food, bickering about the sleeping spot, raising alarm when another member of the group came too close to a bat  and a female protesting against the attempts of a male bat to have sex. Apart from contributing to the understanding of the social behaviour of the bats, this work has the potential of forming the foundation to explore the vocal communication among other animals. 

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Do take a minute to leave your feedback in the comments; it helps me stay engaged 

And do remember to check back in next weekend; there will be more interesting science in this corner of the internet. 

Interesting Science This Week. Week-6

The basic idea of of immunization is to inject inactivated pathogens or their parts which then activates and prepares the body's immune system to fight infection by live pathogen in future. Development of innate immunity in the body involves production of specific proteins called antibodies which will identify the pathogen during an infection. After antibody binding to the pathogen, a group of proteins called the Complement system assists in further processing and eventual clearance of the pathogen from the body. 

Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases in the world inflicting greatest damage in the developing and under-developed countries. As per WHO, there were 214 million cases of malaria in 2015 resulting in 438,000 deaths. In India itself there were more than 1 million malaria cases and 287 deaths, according to the data available with National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. In keeping with the seriousness of this disease, efforts have been going on for several years now to develop a vaccine against malaria. The efforts till now have been without much success because prospective vaccines that worked in blocking the parasite in laboratory conditions were not effective when tested in humans. But in recently published research, scientists seem to have identified the reason behind the failure of these vaccines in animal trials. It appears that the malaria pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, exploits the immune response generated in response to the vaccine to further its infection. The pathogen uses the components of the complement system to enhance its ability to enter the red blood cells (RBC) inside which it replicates. The presence of antibodies in the blood only further enhances the exploitation of complement system by P.falciparum. It was further shown that complement deficiency in mice resulted in decreased efficacy of infection by the pathogen. These results are a very important observation that could inform the future design of strategies towards a successful development of anti-malaria vaccine.      

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Most people know regular exercise is required for good physical health. What is less well known is that exercise also helps with mental health. Regular exercise helps keep the brain active, improve memory and learning and helps in dealing with conditions such as depression. One of the many factors which contributes to this effect of exercise on mental health is the increased production of a protein in brain called Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) after exercise. BDNF is a growth factor required for growth, maturation and upkeep of nerve cells. This protein also actively participates in the formation and maintenance of connections between nerve cells (called Synapses) which are required for learning and long-term memory. How exercise contributes to increasing the synthesis of this protein was, however, not known. A group of American researchers have addressed this missing link between exercise and mental health in a recently published report. They found that in mice exercise resulted in increased production of beta-hydroxybutyrate, a metabolite produced in the liver when fatty acids are used as energy source instead of glucose. The beta-hydroxybutyrate that reaches brain through blood activates the DNA in brain cells that codes for BDNF to be translated into protein molecules which then help with improved brain function.

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The cells in our body can be divided into two types based on the number of sets of chromosomes they contain - diploid and haploid cells. Diploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes (each set contains 23 chromosomes) each derived from one of the parent. Most of the cells in our body are diploid. Only haploid cells in the body are the gametes (or the sex cells, sperm in males and egg or ova in females) that are involved in reproduction. These cells contain only one set of chromosomes. Scientists have been trying to grow these gametes in laboratories for a while now in order to better understand their biological development process. Sperms have already been cultured successfully in petridishes before. In a report published in the journal PNAS, scientists have now reported successfully growing a mature, functional ovum (egg) from mice in laboratory conditions. These lab cultured eggs, fertilized with sperm and implanted into surrogate mothers, lead to the birth of healthy mice. Apart from serving as a critical tool in studies to understand the development of ova, the technique reported in this publication can also be useful in future for treatment of female infertility. 

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There is a new map of brain. After more than 100 years since the publication of the first map in 1907 identifying different regions of brain to various functions, scientists have now published the new map where they have identified 97 new areas in addition to the 83 previously known using the data available from the Human Connectome Project. New York Times has published a report on this development (which you can find here). For the technically inclined, you can find the original paper published in the journal Nature here.

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Interesting Science This Week. Week-5

Bacteria in your stomach is making you fat. That is the conclusion from a recent study published in the journal Nature. It is reported that the gut microbiome, a collective term for bacteria and other microbes that reside in the stomach of humans and other animals, could be responsible for the development of obesity in those constantly exposed to high fat diet. The researchers found that mice regularly fed on high fat diet showed an increase in the concentration of acetate in plasma, feces and brain. Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid produced as a result of digestion of fats. When the mice were either treated with antibiotics or were maintained in a sterile environment, they failed to produce increased acetate even with high fat diet which led the researchers to conclude that the acetate was produced by the action of gut bacteria. The acetate so produced by bacteria reaches the brain, possibly through blood, and induces the brain to send a signal to pancreas to increase the production insulin which in turn leads to fat accumulation and consequently to obesity. Acetate was also found to cause an increase in hunger hormone, ghrelin, which causes the animals to consume even more food, further exacerbating the obesity. It remains to be seen if these observations on the link between gut microbiota and obesity can be extrapolated to humans. But if these observations hold true in humans, it could pave way for further more drug-targets to fight obesity.

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There is some good news for those of us tortured by mosquito bites. Research has found a very effective method to keep those malaria carriers away; take a chicken along when going to bed. According to a recently published report, when scientists took a host census of malaria carrying mosquito Anopheles arabiensis, it was found that the insects fed on humans indoors and on cattle, goats, sheep etc. outdoors. But the mosquito totally avoided going anywhere near chickens. The researchers have identified 11 compounds from chicken feathers which when spread near a sleeping human were effective in keeping the mosquito away. Since it is going to take some time before the actual chicken mosquito-repellent is purified and marketed to general public, having some chicken companions in bedroom could, in the meanwhile, help you get a good night's sleep.

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It was traditionally thought that brain was separated from immune system but recent studies have shown that immune system defects can effect learning and memory. In a recently published study the same research group has now shown that immune system could also have an effect on the social behavior of the animal. It was found that a molecule called interferon-gamma, which is normally produced as an immune response to infection by bacteria, virus and other pathogens, is crucial for social behavior. Blocking the production of this molecule in mice resulted in them becoming less social. The researchers also found that this molecule was produced by various organisms including flies, zebrafish, mice, rats etc. when they were social. 

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In laboratory setting, a technique called electroporation is widely used to introduce DNA and other molecules into cells. In this technique, the cells are subjected to short electric pulses which causes formation of temporary perforations in the membrane surrounding the cell (called Plasma Membrane) through which DNA can enter the cell. The plasma membrane is eventually repaired and the perforations are sealed returning the cell to its normal health. The electroporation is also used in cancer therapy in conjunction with chemo-therapeutic drugs. It is observed that electroporation is more effective by being more damaging to malignant cells than normal cells. But the reason behind the efficacy of treatment strategies that include electroporation in specifically targeting malignant cells is not known. In a paper published in the Journal of Membrane Biology, data is presented that shows that the plasma membrane of cancer cells is resealed more slowly than normal cells following electroporation. This slow repair of plasma membrane ensures that drugs or DNA have more time in which to enter the cancerous cells than normal cells, increasing the efficacy of treatment.   

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Edit: Realized a little late. This is my 50th blogpost. Thank you all for the support. Keep reading. Do share your feedback in the comments.

Interesting Science This Week. Week-4

Have you ever been to a hospital for a health check-up and wondered, while the doctors and nurses were poking needles and probes all over your body, if there was an easy, less painful way to do things? Worry not, the science gods have answered your prayers. According to a recently published research report, the state of a person's health can be predicted from his/her facial features. For the study, a group of researchers from China looked at 3D scan images of the faces of more than 300 people (both male and female) in the 17 to 77 age range. For each age group and each gender, the scientists generated average 3D images of faces and from comparing their facial features such as eye slopes and nose width generated a map of changes in facial features with ageing. When the average 3D faces of a particular age group was compared to real faces, it was found that on average the chronological age of a person differed from their facial age by about 6 years. The most interesting finding in this study was that biological parameters such as the blood profile of a person coincided more with their facial age than the chronological age. What that means is that, you might be 50 years old but if the machinery inside your body resembles that of a 45 year old or of a 55 year old, it is going to show on your face. The face, it seems, is the mirror to not just the mind. 

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Interesting Science This Week. Week-3

Every time one ventures to watch a movie in India now a days, you are subjected to the gory images of cancerous tissues, patients etc and are warned about the relation between use of tobacco and incidence of cancer. You are probably aware that cancer happens because of changes to the DNA in a cell which then goes berserk, looses all regulation and starts diving abnormally. The cancerous cells in a tissue eventually move out in a process called metastasis and spread to other parts of the body damaging the tissue there. This sequence of events is now pretty common knowledge. But have you heard of super-metastasis where the cancerous cells move out of one body and infect another? This is a rare process that has till now been discovered only in two animals where the cancerous cells are transmitted by bodily contact, either through bite (Tasmanian devil) or through sexual mating (dogs). But in a recently published report in the journal Nature, scientists have shown that the transmission of cancerous cells can happen even through water. This phenomenon was observed in a class of molluscs called Bivalves including mussels, cockles and golden carpet shell clams.

• Metzger et al., Nature, 2016. DOI: 10.1038/nature18599  

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It's monsoon time in India and the puddles of water seen everywhere offer abundant breeding grounds for nature's master disease carriers, the mosquitoes. But what makes mosquitoes so efficient in being able to spread pathogens? The answer is, according to recent research findings, our own immune system. The most common reminder of having spent a good night futilely trying to fend off the mosquitoes are the red welts seen on the body next morning. The research suggests it is the inflammatory reaction resulting in these welts that aids the efficient spread of pathogens injected by the mosquito bite. The inflammatory response is due to a local reaction that serves to warn the body that skin, which is the first defensive barrier against infections, has been breached. This activates the body's immune response and leukocytes (also called white blood cells) are mobilized to the site of inflammation in order to contain the infection. Researchers have found that, the immune cells that reach the spot of mosquito bite themselves get inadvertently infected and contribute to rapid spread of infection to rest of the body. This hijacking of the immune cells by pathogens might be due to help from certain molecules present in the saliva of mosquitoes that get injected at the point of bite. This conclusion is based on the observation that injection of the same pathogen into the body with a needle did not produce an infection of comparable intensity as when injected by a mosquito bite. Researchers also suggest that the ability of mosquito bites to promote infections can be ameliorated by suppressing the initial inflammatory reaction. 

• Pingen et al., Immunity, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.002 

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 There is a nice write-up published in Quanta Magazine detailing the research about a class of micro organisms called the Lithoautotrophs, or the rock-eaters, that survive by consuming only electrons as their source of energy. As such, these microbes can be described as "electricity-eaters".

• https://www.quantamagazine.org/20160621-electron-eating-microbes-found-in-odd-places/

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Interesting Science This Week. Week-2.

As kids we heard the story of a crow that strategizes by using pebbles to bring the level of water in a pot to the brim so it can drink. We have also heard parrots that were trained to speak like humans. For a very long time in human history, messenger pigeons served as the only reliable means of long distance communication. More recently, pigeons were shown to be almost as good as trained doctors in detecting cancer and scientists have made visual recording of the ability of crows to make hooked tools. Have you ever wondered how birds, with such small heads, can manage such feats that animals with much larger brains cannot accomplish? A group of scientists have now found the answer. In their recently publish work based on studying the brains of 28 species of birds, Seweryn OlKowicz and colleagues have found that the bird brains contain at least twice as many nerve cells (neurons) as a similarly sized mammalian brain and the nerve cells are packed at a much higher density. They also discovered that most of the extra neurons in birds are found in the forebrain responsible for learning, planning, etc. So much so that the number of neurons found in the forebrains of some of these birds was more than or comparable to those found in monkeys with much larger sized brains. 

• Olkowicz et al., PNAS, 2016, DOI:10.1073/pnas.1517131113
• Levenson et al., PLOS, 2015, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0141357
• Troscianko and Rutz, Biology Letters, 2015, DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0777 

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The red color of our blood is due to a complex protein called Hemoglobin that transports oxygen and carbondioxide between lungs and various tissues of the body. Hemoglobin is made up of 4 subunits each of which transports a oxygen molecule. Each Hemoglobin subunit in turn is made up of a protein chain that surrounds a non-proteinaceous part called Heme. Each Heme moiety consists of an iron ion (which is the part that actually binds oxygen) within an organic ring called Porphyrin. Heme is synthesized in the red blood cells in a multi-step process involving about 8 different enzymes. In people suffering from a group of rare genetic diseases called Porphyrias, there is an accumulation of porphyrin in the cells due to a defect at one or more steps in the Heme bio-synthetic pathway. People suffering from porphyria often develop irritation, burns or blisters in the skin upon even medium duration exposure to sunlight. In severe cases, porphyria can lead to even neurological disorders. Yet, there is currently no real cure for this condition. In a recent work published in the journal eLife, a group of scientists from United States and Canada have reported the discovery of a type of flatworm (Schmidtea mediterranea) that naturally accumulates porphyrin in its skin cells. These worms, which are naturally brown colored, lose their color and turn white when exposed to sunlight for a prolonged period of time due to cell death induced by accumulated porphyrin. It is also reported that the natural color of the worms is restored after returning to dark. Scientists expect that these worms could be used as model organisms to study the biological processes leading to the development of porphyria in humans as well as to analyze the efficacy of potential drugs that could be used in treatment of porphyrias. 

• Stubenhaus et al., eLife, 2016, DOI: 10.7554/eLife.14175 

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'Frogman of India' S.D.Biju is back in news. In a recent report published in the journal PeerJ, Dr. Biju and colleagues report the discovery of a new mating position in the frogs. They have made this report based on their work on Bombay Night Frogs (Nyctibatrachus humayuni), a type of frog that is endemic to the Western Ghats of south India. There were 6 different types of amplexus (mating positions) that were previously known among the amphibians; with the discovery of this position, called the Dorsal Straddle, the number increases to 7. The researchers also report the discovery of female mating calls in this species of frogs that is rare occurrence among the amphibians. 

• Willaert et al., PeerJ, 2016, DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2117 

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Earlier this year we heard the first ever recording of the 'sound of the Universe' when the LIGO scientific collaboration unveiled the discovery of Gravitational Waves. Now the team has reported the discovery of second such event in an article published in Physics Review Letters. The signal was identified on 26th December 2015 and involved the collapse of two stars that are much smaller than the two involved in the first discovered event. While the two stars that collapsed to produce the gravitational waves during the event detected in September of last year were 36 and 29 times more massive than our own Sun, the two stars involved in this event were only 14 and 7.5 times more massive. 

• Abbott et al., PRL, 2016, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103

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Interesting Science This Week. Week - 1

Starting this week, I am planning on writing a recurring post every week. The objective of these posts will be describe some of the interesting research development that I had come across in the scientific literature during the course of that week to general public. While the intention is to explain the research in as simple language as possible, I do not intend to dumb it down to the extent that it is done in main stream media where one comes across reports that claim drinking red wine can prevent cancer or diabetes or stroke or heart-attack or whatever. Also it requires to be pointed out that these blog-posts will essentially be about research that I find interesting. So, the content will almost entirely be biology. Also considering the demand on my time, I will limit each posts to at the most 3 or 4 findings from that week and a brief summary in each case. I will attach relevant original research references for anyone interested in knowing more details. Here is the first week's post. 

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There are two types of tumors that are formed in the body. Benign tumors, as the name suggests, aren't generally dangerous. They are compact, grow slowly, tend to remain in the organ where they are formed and do not spread to other organs. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, are responsible for causing cancer in the body. The cell mass of these tumors is generally loose, grows uncontrollably and the cells tend to spread to other tissues where they cause the formation of more tumors. The process of tumor cells spreading to other organs is called metastasis. Metastatic cells of tumors, also stem-cell like cancer cells (SCLCCs) or tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs), tend to be softer and more deformable than the differentiated cells in the tumor. The TRCs are also more resistant to drugs than differentiated tumor cells which reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy and prevents complete elimination of cancer, often leading to relapse. In a recent paper published in the journal Cell Research, a procedure has been described that could potentially help in combating this drug resistance in TRCs. The researchers in this work produced microparticles packaged with anti-tumor drugs from tumor cells in which programmed cell death was induced. Microparticles are 0.1 - 1 micrometer size vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of induced cells (1 micrometer = 1/1000000 of a meter). In subsequent analysis it was found that these drug-packaged microparticles are able to selectively induce death in TRCs than differentiated tumor cells because of their greater deformability. Microparticle treatment was also able to prevent development of drug resistance. In clinical trials, treatment of cancer patients with these microparticles was able to eliminate the cancer cells in malignant fluids to a large extent providing hope for their future therapeutic utility in combating the drug resistance of SCLCCs. 

1. Ma et. al., Cell Research (2016) 26:713–727. doi:10.1038/cr.2016.53

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Please do let me know your thoughts in the comments. It actually encourages me to know that people actually read the stuff that I put out. 

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India and quality of education

I recently came across a post on Facebook from a group called Hyderabad School Parents' Association (HSPA) in support of a protest organized by JAC SFR (joint action committee school free regulation). That post got me thinking about the attitude of us Indians towards government and regulation. We are so used to the wretched socialist system and government dole-outs that we have forgotten to appreciate that quality does not come cheap or free. As the lady in the video says, she wants the best quality school for her kid but does not want to pay the price required for the school to deliver services at that quality. Quality education is not cheap. You can't expect to own an iPhone at the price of a feature phone, can you. There are government schools that are run with our tax money but no one wants their children to go to government schools because those are poorly run and are no good. Everyone wants to send their kids to private schools for they are obviously better run and provide better services. But we do not want to pay the price for this better quality and demand for government meddling. Despite 70 years worth of experience we do not seem to realize that government involvement will destroy whatever little quality is left in our school education. Instead of forcing our elected representatives to better utilize our tax money and work towards improving the standards of government run schools, we want government to bully private schools. We expect good, talented teachers committed to their profession to work for peanuts. As Prof. CNR Rao once told a gathering of grad students in reference to salaries of university professors, if you throw peanuts you only get monkeys to dance. Just imagine the remuneration of lawyers, doctors, charted accountants or media professionals being fixed by the government. In all these professions, isn't the amount of remuneration determined by the market value of the services provided? Why should it be any different for education? Aren't medical or legal services basic rights of a citizen like education? 

At this point, the protesting parents would do well to rewind their collective memories to 2009 and answer what they did to stop Government of India from passing the right of children to free and compulsory education act, commonly known as RTE act. What protest did they carry out? What 'dharnas', 'gheraos', did they carry out? What pressure did they bring upon their Member of Parliament to prevent the government (with complete cooperation of opposition in parliament) from imposing this blatantly unsecular and unjust piece of legislation? Now, there is no doubt that every child deserves an opportunity to have access to quality education irrespective of the parents' financial status. But whose responsibility is it to create the physical and intellectual infrastructure that will give every kid born in this country access to quality education? Is it that of the government that collects the taxes or that of the private sector? It's been known very well for many decades now that the publicly funded school system is rotten to the core. The government instead of fixing this system so that even the kids attending government schools are provided with good standards, has imposed its responsibility on to the private sector through abuse of its legislative power. The RTE act mandates that 25% of seats in every private school be reserved free-of-charge for kids from 'economically weaker' families. Government is supposed to compensate the schools for the expense. But as is the norm for everything government in India, the schools were either not paid, paid very late or paid at a ridiculously low rates. In such a situation, where will the private schools raise the cost difference? Their only options are to either pass on the burden to remaining 75% of the students or take the losses and ultimately shut down. In both of the options, it is the middle class that is going to be adversely effected; either pay up more or have private school options reduced. 

If you didn't raise your voice to stop the RTE act because of decades of socialistic indoctrination, I don't think you have any moral right to now prevent the private schools from doing what they have to for survival. What will you do if private schools ultimately shutdown because of losses? At this stage another question needs to be asked. How much is the Indian middle class responsible for the decay of government school system? By not sending our kids to the local government school, haven't we virtually boycotted them? Hasn't this contributed to their ultimate neglect from the government? If our kids were attending these schools, wouldn't we have asked questions and demanded answers from our elected representatives about the poor administration of these schools? Finally, there is one thing that we need to remember. Nothing comes for free. Be it the schools, universities, satellite communication, free laptops, electricity, clean drinking water. Nothing is free. We will have to pay for the stuff that we use; in one way or the other; now or later; if not directly then indirectly.

How Tau Causes Memory Loss

Tau protein has been implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease, but little is known about how it contributes to memory loss. Now, researchers report a missing link between tau and cognitive deficits. Read more in the following report from Biotechniques.

How Tau Causes Memory Loss

The surprising habits of original thinkers | Adam Grant

Ant Hill And Mango Tree

Getting outdoors in India

An Encounter With God

This is going to be a story. A particular event from my life. The immediate trigger for this is another post I made on my Tumblr page. You can find it here. As you will see the post was intended to correct the wrong information being publicized in an American publication about something that happened at a temple in the Indian state of Kerala, the place my family is from. After I posted this, I started thinking about what my position is with respect to religion and the concept of God. My way of thinking about these issues has gone through a lot of change in the recent years but it has not yet solidified. While I am fairly certain about rejection of any organized religion, especially those inclined to being dogmatic, I am not so sure about the existence or absence of a superior power. Since I feel much better writing about something as a process of contemplation rather than thinking in air, I decided to write my thoughts down here. There is also another reason. When the incident that I am going to narrate below happened, it included a rather painful experience that I normally do not like to remember but keeps coming back to me during the bouts of depression that I periodically still go through. One reason, I think, this keeps coming back is because I have never discussed this with anybody in my life. I am hoping that putting it down here might relieve me of the pain. 

I studied in a boarding school till the tenth grade and did not have much freedom or exposure to the world outside. Even during my undergraduate university years, when I lived in my parents' house, I did not have much opportunity to explore and know the world around me because of my father being an authoritarian and excessively protective. The incident I want to talk to you about happened during the last year of my under-graduation. In May of that year we went to Kerala for a relative's wedding. The entrance examination for admissions to master's program at Andhra University (located in Visakhapatnam, the city where we lived) was scheduled on the Sunday following the wedding. There was an unfortunate accident to one of my mother's brothers just ahead of the wedding. So, my mother and rest of the family decided to stay back and I had to go back to our place alone so I don't miss the exam. Anyone who has ever tried to travel around in India during summer vacations in May will attest to how difficult it is to get a train ticket confirmed. For that journey from Shoranur to Visakhapatnam by Bokaro Express, I could only manage to get a wait-listed ticket. One of my uncles assured that he knew someone who could 'arrange' for me to get a confirmed birth on the train. After we reached the train station, this arranging person turned out to be a railway porter who in turn introduced me to a TTE (sort of a ticket supervisor in Indian Railways) on that train. After some money changed hands, the uncle, assured of my reserved berth, said goodbye and left. A couple of stops after the train had left Shoranur, the TTE came around to where I was sitting and asked to check my ticket. Having been assured earlier, I assumed that he had come to allot me a berth to sit. After looking at my ticket he appeared surprised that I had a wait-listed ticket. "This is a waiting list ticket. Don't you know you can't enter the reservation compartment with a waiting list ticket? Get off at the next station and go to the general compartment". I protested and reminded him of the bribe that my uncle paid him. He, of course, denied getting any money from me. "Not me, but my uncle paid you. It is that bald man who came along with porter Hamsa at Shoranur". Probably because there were other people sitting there, this talk of money only seemed to anger him further. "Get out right now. Go stand near the door till next stop". I protested some more. "Will you go or should I call the police". The mention of police scared me. 

I proceeded to the compartment door without any further talk. I stood there for a while and after may be a couple of hours, the TTE happened to pass by that door again. "Why are you still here? Didn't I tell you to get off and go to general compartment?" I didn't know what to say. After a little silence, "OK, look you seem to be from a good family. I have a free berth in the AC compartment. If you have money to pay the extra fare, I can give it to you ". I was happy. There is hope after all. "How much do I have to give you", I asked. I don't remember the exact amount he asked for. How much ever it was, I do remember that I did not have that much money and I told him. How much can you pay, he asked me. I only had about 500-600 rupees. That is not enough, he said. Get out at the next station if you don't have the money or I will hand you over to the police, he further warned me. "I have an exam on Sunday. That's why I was forced to travel without reservation. Please help me", I pleaded. He came close to me and said "OK, if you don't have money, there are other ways to pay". Before I could even understand what he had said, my pants was unzipped and he was touching my privates. I did not know what was happening. At that point in my life, I had never even thought that men could be molested, let alone by other men. I was shocked and scared at once. I tried to free myself but couldn't. What happened in the next few minutes is not very clear in my mind. I don't even know how much time passed. But at the point when my memory of that day returns, I was still standing at the train door but the TTE is not near me anymore. He was talking to another young man, probably a little older than me, about getting his own ticket confirmed. After the TTE left, the man smiled at me and walked away into the other compartment. To this day, I am not sure if he had seen me in trouble and come to help me or if I am just imagining things. 

I did not see him again till that night. I found a vacant seat and sat there till the train reached Chennai. I had to move out after the people who had reserved that seat boarded in Chennai. I was once again back at the door and decided to somehow spend the night sitting there. After being there for a while, I saw him once again. He said he had met a Malayali family who were travelling with kids. They had got separate berths reserved for the two kids who were now going to sleep with their parents. So there were spare berths and they offered one to him. There was some luggage on the other but if I did not have a problem, I could sleep on it. I was more than happy to take anything if I can get out of the cold doorway. So, I slept that night on half a berth. It was not comfortable but warm and safe. By next morning, many people had gotten off the train and there were many spare seats for illegal occupants like the two of us to sit on. I got to know him a little more that day. He was Christian priest who had just finished his seminary training and was going to a remote village in Orissa to take up his first assignment. He asked about me, my family, what I was doing and what I wanted to do. I had brought along a big bottle of water for the journey. When the train reached Visakhapatnam and I was about to get off, he asked if I could leave that bottle of water for him. I was only too happy to be able to do something for him. We parted with the promise of meeting again at some point in our lives. 

Its been a long time since then. I got through the exam, completed masters, got a PhD and now am a postdoc. Have lived in Chennai, New York and Vancouver. But I often look back to that day and think how things could have been. That's how one of my encounters with what I think might be God happened.    

The 25th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony 2015

P.M. Bhargava and the scientific temper police

When I started this blog, I had decided to strictly restrict the discussions to science, scientists and academic affairs and to completely keep politics out. But extraordinary times require rules for normal times be suspended. And what we are witnessing in India now is indeed an extraordinary time. The left-liberals who have for all these years since independence in 1947 had enjoyed a monopoly over government policy to decide how India should think and where she should go, are increasingly being challenged and sidelined. Having failed to influence the electorate during the 2014 general elections despite their best efforts and numerous open letters, they have now resorted to spreading canards about a democratically elected government. Latest in these shenanigans is a statement issued by a group of scientists. I was alerted to this statement by a news in Nature India. Third paragraph in this statement begins thus:

"The Indian Constitution in Article 51 A (h) demands, as a part of the fundamental duties of the citizens, that we '...develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform' "

Reading this reminded me of an op-ed that the leader of this group, P.M.Bhargava, had written few months ago. You can find it here. There he narrates why, how and, most importantly, when he got this article inserted into the constitution of India.

"The conclusion that our very own scientists — who would be expected to be leaders in the development of scientific temper — did not possess scientific temper themselves and were just as superstitious as any other group was supported by another incident in 1964. Following a statement by Satish Dhawan (who later became Secretary, Department of Space), Abdur Rahman (a distinguished historian of science) and I, set up an organisation called The Society for Scientific Temper, in January 1964, the founding members of which included distinguished scientists like Francis Crick, a Nobel Prize winner. For membership to the society, the following statement had to be signed: “I believe that knowledge can be acquired only through human endeavour and not through revelation, and that all problems can and must be faced in terms of man’s moral and intellectual resources without invoking supernatural powers.”

We were disillusioned when we approached scientist after scientist and all of them refused to sign the statement. Clearly they were devoid of scientific temper. Following this disillusionment, I persuaded Professor Nurul Hasan, then Education Minister, to have the following clause included in Article 51A in the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976: “It shall be the duty of every citizen of Indian “to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of enquiry and reform.” 

Hopefully, I don't have to draw your attention to the fact that 42nd Amendment to the Constitution of India was enacted during the Emergency that India Gandhi had imposed. It was a time when democratic rights were suspended in India. It was the only time in history when something close to authoritarian dictatorship was actually imposed in India (forced sterilization of people, carried out by Ms. Gandhi's son Sanjay, is often cited as an example). The 42nd Amendment was therefore not enacted through a democratic process. It is also an amendment that has constitutionally imposed a political ideology, Socialism, on all citizens of India irrespective of whether they agree with it or even understand it (as an aside, I remember reading somewhere that the Swarajya Party of C. Rajagopalachari could not be revived in post-emergency India because they did not subscribe to socialism and hence were not in agreement with the constitution. So much for democracy and freedom of political association in India). 

So, here we have a group of people who see no problem in imposing their world-view, their way of thinking, their ideology on rest of the citizenry. They feel no compunction in actively collaborating with authoritarian dictators in the process. They see no problem in passing judgments on the scientific temper of a person just because they did not sign up to their "statement" and subscribe to their "society". The very concept of freedom and individual liberty seems alien to this group. Ramanujan ascribed all his math genius to visions from his family goddess. Newton spent a lot of time searching through Bible for secret messages from God. Now, imagine if the careers of these scientific geniuses were to be left at the mercy of Bhargava and his fellow scientific temper police. Well, you don't actually have to imagine. That is what has happened to Indian science for all these years since Independence. All life has been sucked out of it by this scientific temper police. 

Now, if only this "deeply concerned with the climate of intolerance" gang who have no qualms about collaborating with dictators to impose their ideology on rest of the nation, had looked up the word "IRONY" in a dictionary before churning out their statement. One only hopes they will finally be called out for what they really are, a bunch of hypocrites throwing a tantrum because they no longer have control over other's lives. 

Conference Dairy - 2

While attending these conferences one picks up a lot of funny snippets during the talks. Some samples.

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If you are a biologist who uses NMR to study proteins and are visiting a different country to work in a collaborator's lab,  never tell the border security that you intend to enter the country to do some work with "nuclear" magnetic resonance imaging. That little word could land you in a lot of trouble at the airport. 

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You come across a lot of interesting people at conferences. There is a scientist who originally wanted to become a pig farmer before straying into lipid biology. Then there is someone who swam to escape East Germany. But the one case I found most interesting is the scientist who did her PhD in planetary sciences looking at Jupiter before she shifted to studying the role of fatty acids in cancer biology. The largest molecule she studied as a grad student had 5 atoms. Now she studies systems made up of thousands of atoms. 

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At this conference I learnt of a molecule called Coprostenol. It's derived from cholesterol and is used to detect faecal contamination in water, food etc. Wiki page here. The meaning of its name is interesting. It's derived from Greek.

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During breakfast one day, I was sitting across from a senior professor. He claimed to be someone who reviews research papers a lot. According to him,  one can get a sense of which way the center of the research world is moving from the number of papers one receives for review from each country. Keeping that in mind, he said, he's been lately receiving a lot of papers from Chinese researchers but rarely ever from India. This discussion was in the context of whether the government is putting enough money into research and the ease of finding an academic job.